Biomarkers for the prediction of oncologic outcomes in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: state of affairs and new frontiers

Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) represents approximately 75% of newly diagnosed bladder cancers (BCa) in western countries (1). Patients with NMIBC have a relatively favorable prognosis, with ten-years cancer-specific survival (CSS) rates varying between 75% and 100%, depending on tumor grade (2).