Significant lack of urine-based biomarkers to replace cystoscopy for the surveillance of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

One of the clinical issues in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is the high rate of intravesical recurrence, which requires follow-up cystoscopy at regular intervals. However, cystoscopy is an invasive examination associated with pain, discomfort, and urinary tract infection.