Establishing and characterization of human and murine bladder cancer organoids

Bladder cancer is among the most common malignancies in the United States (4th for men and 11th for women) and worldwide (6th for men and 16th for women) (1,2). Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease with a large number of mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressors (3). Bladder cancer is divided into two major categories with distinct treatment strategies, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).