Nandrolone decanoate relieves joint pain in hypogonadal men: a novel prospective pilot study and review of the literature

Introduction

Testosterone is an essential component for male development and well-being and is the prototypical androgenic-anabolic steroid (AAS). As a result of the intricate interplay of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, testosterone is primarily produced by the testicles and exerts both local and systemic effects (1). Its deficiency, also known as hypogonadism, has been linked to multiple pathologies including low libido, erectile dysfunction (ED), fatigue, and irritability (1,2). Hypogonadism has also been linked to significant metabolic derangements with hypogonadal men displaying decreased lean body mass, reduced strength, and elevated fat mass compared to their eugonadal counterparts (3-5). This increased fat mass then creates a ‘vicious cycle’ whereby increased aromatase activity from adipocytes leads to a hyperestrogen state that further suppresses the HPG axis and normal endogenous testosterone production. This phenomenon can often propel hypogonadal men towards metabolic syndrome and may explain why hypogonadism has recently been shown to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) (6-8). Fortunately, restoration of eugonadal testosterone levels via testosterone therapy (TTh) can improve insulin resistance and hemoglobin A1c (9,10).

The revelation regarding testosterone’s beneficial properties has spawned the field of modern andrology. However, it is important to note that the observed benefits seen with testosterone do not manifest in isolation but rather are the result of its interaction with the male androgen receptor (AR). Ideally, modern andrologists should be able to expand their armamentarium with other AAS that exert differential effects on the AR. Although several other AAS have been synthesized over the years, their varying effects, physiologic benefits, and risk profiles have been poorly characterized (11); one of these compounds is 19-nortestosterone, which is also known as nandrolone. In the following review and novel pilot study, we examined the available literature regarding nandrolone’s use in men and investigated novel indications and benefit from its use in the treatment of hypogonadal men.

Background

Nandrolone was first synthesized and described by Birch in 1950 (12). It is identical in structure to testosterone except for one minor but crucial difference, the lack of one methyl group at carbon C-19 (Figure 1). The androgenic and myogenic activity of testosterone and other AAS such as nandrolone was the subject of much investigation during the 1950s–1960s. Shortly after nandrolone’s synthesis was first described, Eisenberg and Gordan developed a method of indexing and characterizing the relative myotrophic-androgenic (MA) activities of various exogenous AAS. By comparing the differential weights of the levator ani musculature and seminal vesicles of rats treated with AAS to controls, they were able to establish a MA index for each compound they examined (14). Testosterone, being the original AAS, was assigned a MA index of 1, meaning that it was perceived to exert equal androgenic and myogenic effects (11,15). By comparison, nandrolone was found to possess a MA index of roughly 11 and as such, was observed to be exponentially more anabolic than testosterone itself (15,16). This significant increase in myogenic activity has been theorized to be related to its metabolism by 5α-reductase in androgenic tissues (11,13). 5α-reductase is highly expressed in the prostate, hair follicles, and other androgenic tissues but negligibly expressed in skeletal muscle (11). While testosterone’s 5α-metabolite, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), has a very high affinity for the AR, nandrolone’s 5α-metabolite, 5α-dihydro-19-nortestosterone, has a significantly lower affinity, even lower than nandrolone itself (17). Thus, the conversion of nandrolone to its 5α-metabolite results in a characteristically different AR activation in androgenic tissues when it was compared to testosterone and DHT with specifically preserved AR activation in skeletal muscle. This discrepancy in AR activity amongst varying tissues serves as the basis behind nandrolone’s potential modern clinical applications.

Figure 1 Comparative organic structure of testosterone and nandrolone (13).

Historical clinical applications

Nandrolone was initially FDA approved in 1962 for the treatment of anemia resulting from chronic kidney disease (CKD) (18-20). While quite capable in this regard with fewer androgenic side effects compared to testosterone (the previous standard of care), nandrolone’s use in the treatment of anemia was largely supplanted in the late 1980s with the introduction of recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) (21). Interestingly, nandrolone is still occasionally used as an alternative for select patients who cannot tolerate EPO and for patients in resource-limited countries (21-23). Outside of its historical indication for anemia, nandrolone has also shown promise in the treatment of osteoporosis and the sarcopenic states commonly observed in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (24-27). Unfortunately, nandrolone decanoate (ND) is no longer commercially available within the United States and, therefore, must be compounded.

Side effects

Nandrolone has been shown to possess a generally favorable side effect profile compared to most other AAS. Although any androgenic stimulation of the hair follicle and sebaceous sweat glands may result in alopecia, hirsutism, and acne, nandrolone’s weak androgenic activity makes these side effects uncommon (28). As an injectable oil, nandrolone is not subject to first-pass hepatic metabolism and is not hepatotoxic. Interestingly, although not well-described in the literature, some users of nandrolone have complained of temporary ED that resolves with cessation of therapy (13). This anecdotal side effect appears to be highly dependent on nandrolone dosage and the use or absence of concomitant testosterone. Although further studies regarding this are needed, plausible mechanisms for this include the insufficient androgenic activity of nandrolone itself and negative-feedback induced suppression of the HPG axis resulting in both reduced testosterone and DHT, the latter of which crucial to nitric-oxide mediated erectile function (13,29). Interference with the HPG axis also poses a significant risk to fertility and may risk the possibility for hypogonadism with long-term use in men who are not already testosterone deficient (30).

It is important to note that the majority of the literature, which describes the adverse effects of nandrolone, does so in the setting of illicit AAS abuse (11,31,32). This patient population is notorious for utilizing very high doses of AAS and is fraught with polypharmacy. Thus, the usefulness of extrapolating these studies’ findings to appropriate medical therapy with nandrolone is extremely limited (33). In human studies, illicit, long-term AAS abuse has been associated with cardiovascular complications, such as cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease (34,35). In rat models using approximately 20× the doses of nandrolone used clinically; cardiomyopathy has also been observed (36-38). It is unclear to what extent, if any, these risks would apply to nandrolone administration at a more reasonable dosage in a clinical setting. Thus far, the controlled clinical trials of nandrolone have been too small and too sparse to confidently assess the risks of physician-prescribed and monitored nandrolone treatment at appropriate dosing.

Nandrolone and the musculoskeletal system

Nandrolone’s primarily anabolic effects have prompted an investigation into its effects on the musculoskeletal system, and, like other sex steroid hormones, it has also been examined for its effects on bone metabolism. The actions of androgens in bone metabolism are complex and not fully understood, but it is known that there is an AR-mediated role for non-aromatized androgens on bone, as evidenced by studies of AR knockout in mice which showed a marked increase in trabecular bone loss (39,40). In osteoporosis, multiple studies have shown nandrolone to increase bone mineral density (BMD) (24,41-43). More importantly, this increase in BMD has been shown to translate into improved bone strength (24,44). In 2005, Frisoli et al. conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of nandrolone in osteoporotic elderly women, which supported these findings in addition to revealing a reduced vertebral fracture rate in the nandrolone group (24). Nandrolone also appears to be beneficial in the non-osteoporotic bone. In rodent studies, administration of nandrolone resulted in a reduction of the significant bone loss seen in denervation and spinal cord injuries in addition to improved fracture healing (45-47). Nandrolone’s specific actions at the bone are also not entirely clear, but an AR-mediated effect is likely at least contributory.

The myotrophic effects of nandrolone have made its use in sarcopenic diseases, particularly appealing. Satellite cells, the skeletal muscle stem cells which play a key role in muscle regeneration, express ARs and appear to be essential to androgen-mediated muscle hypertrophy (48,49). Nandrolone appears to stimulate myogenic progenitor cell differentiation via the upregulation of MyoD and Numb, a Notch inhibitor, in addition to activating calcineurin-NFAT signaling, which plays a role in the resulting muscle hypertrophy (50,51). In addition, nandrolone increases local levels of IGF-1 with resulting skeletal muscle hypertrophy (52). Interestingly, blocking IGF-1 receptors attenuates the skeletal muscle response for androgens, but it does not fully prevent hypertrophy, confirming that IGF-1 signaling has an important, but not solitary, role in androgen-mediated skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy (53). These mechanisms provide insight into the use of nandrolone in chronic muscle wasting diseases such as those seen in COPD, dialysis-dependent CKD, and AIDS (26,27,54). Of note, Horstman et al. investigated the effect of a single dose of nandrolone at the time of full leg casting in young men and found no preservation of skeletal muscle mass or strength after 1 week (55). The lack of effect in this study may be due to the short-time frame or the timing of administration. In fact, in rat models of denervation atrophy, nandrolone administration did not attenuate atrophy or alter gene expression over the following 14 days when dosing began at the time of denervation; however, nandrolone was effective when administered 28 days after denervation with significantly reduced atrophy at both 7 and 28 days later (56). These findings suggest that nandrolone’s effects on muscle atrophy may be timing-dependent when measured in the very short-term.

With regards to nandrolone’s influence on the musculoskeletal injury, there has been significant work evaluating nandrolone’s effect on rotator cuff tendon tears using animal models. Chronic rotator cuff tears often result in irreversible muscle atrophy, fatty infiltration, and fibrosis, which makes successful repair difficult and outcomes poor (57,58). In 2011, Gerber et al. published a very interesting study in which he released the supraspinatus tendon of twenty rabbits. Ten were administered intramuscular ND while the other ten were left as controls. The researchers then examined their supraspinatus retraction and evaluated the observed amount of fatty infiltration after 6 weeks. The group receiving intramuscular nandrolone had decreased supraspinatus retraction, decreased fatty infiltration, and increased muscle work under standardized contraction compared to controls (59). In a 2015 follow-up study, Gerber et al. performed a study with similar endpoints using a sheep model. In this study, eighteen alpine sheep underwent infraspinatus tendon released, followed by subsequent repair at 16 weeks and sacrificed at 22 weeks. Six sheep were administered 150 mg of ND once weekly starting at the time of tendon release, while another six were administered the same dose starting at the time of tendon repair. The final 6 were left as controls. Researchers found that weekly administration of intramuscular nandrolone immediately following tendon release resulted in almost complete prevention of fatty infiltration over the following 22 weeks with the maintenance of lean muscle mass. Even when nandrolone administration was delayed until surgical repair at 16 weeks, further muscle atrophy was prevented over the following 6 weeks (58). Both these studies underscore nandrolone’s considerable myogenic effects.

Of note, a later study in which local ND solution was injected directly into rabbits’ repaired rotator cuff tendons resulted in poor healing with reduced tendon strength (60). However, the poor response in this study is postulated to have been related to the direct injection of nandrolone into the acutely damaged and repaired tendon while other studies opted for more traditional intramuscular administration. Still, concern exists that AAS weaken tendons despite being advantageous to the muscle itself (61). A recent systematic review examining the effects of AAS on tendon properties found the results to be highly heterogeneous and often contradictory (61). Further study is needed to characterize nandrolone’s beneficial effects on rotator cuff repair better.

Novel pilot study

Introduction

Nandrolone’s complex relationship with joint health extends beyond healing in the rotator cuff model. Interestingly, various members of online bodybuilding communities and discussion boards have frequently asserted that nandrolone alleviates joint pain (16). While there have been two double-blind, placebo-controlled trials showing that nandrolone alleviates bone pain in post-menopausal osteoporosis, studies specifically evaluating joint pain are quite limited (62,63). In 1987, Bird et al. conducted a controlled trial in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis in which the intervention arm received intramuscular ND 50 mg every 3 weeks for 2 years finding no significant difference in joint or bone pain compared with the control arm as assessed by visual analog scales (64). Despite the equivocal findings in rheumatoid arthritis, there are two trials that, while limited, do support a role for nandrolone in the alleviation of non-inflammatory arthralgia. Darracott et al. found that, compared to placebo, weekly intramuscular ND resulted in clinically improved symptoms and patellar bone density measurements after 6 weeks in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome, a condition in which patients experience peripatellar pain at the patellofemoral joint (65,66). More recently, Hohmann et al. conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial of ND in 10 patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty and were followed for 1 year. They found a significant improvement in quadriceps strength throughout the post-operative period in addition to improved Knee Society Score (KSS) at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months in the group receiving nandrolone (67). The KSS includes an assessment of knee pain in its composite score but, unfortunately, the authors did not report the pain subscore specifically (68). Therefore, while promising, it is unclear if this study provides any evidence about nandrolone’s prospective use for joint pain.

As evidenced above, there is very little concrete data referencing any effect nandrolone may have regarding the alleviation of joint pain. However, nandrolone does have well-documented advantageous effects on bone and muscle along with quality trials showing its benefit in osteoporotic bone pain and historical documentation of its efficacy for patellofemoral pain syndrome. Therefore, it is reasonable to postulate that the anecdotal evidence ascribing non-inflammatory joint pain relief to nandrolone may be accurate. Additionally, male hypogonadism is linked with comorbidities such as diabetes and obesity, which are often associated with significant and debilitating joint pain (69,70). In such patients, the addition of nandrolone to their testosterone replacement regimen would avoid the potential side effect of ED, as discussed earlier, resulting in a highly-tolerable option for pain management, if efficacious.

The objective of the pilot study

Due to the paucity of research surrounding nandrolone and objective measurement of non-inflammatory joint pain—we designed a novel prospective pilot study to evaluate, quantify, and characterize the effects of ND on joint pain in hypogonadal men.

Methods

Study participants

All adult men with the diagnosis of hypogonadism (confirmed by sequential morning serum testosterone value of less than 300 ng/dL) who were currently using injectable intramuscular TTh were screened for the presence of joint pain at a single high-volume andrology clinic in Houston, Texas from August 2018 to January 2019. Inclusion criteria were men, aged 21–70 years old, confirmed diagnosis of hypogonadism currently treated with injectable intramuscular TTh, and report of significant joint pain at the screening. Exclusion criteria included prior nandrolone usage, inability to give informed consent, inability to perform intramuscular self-injection, an earlier diagnosis of solid organ cancer, and significant cardiovascular disease. All participants gave informed consent before inclusion in the study. The proposed study was reviewed and approved by our institutional review board.

Intervention

Eligible participants initiated intramuscular ND dosed at one-half of their current testosterone cypionate regimen (e.g., a participant using 200 mg testosterone cypionate weekly would continue that dose in addition to beginning 100 mg ND weekly). All other medications, including testosterone dosage, were kept constant throughout the trial period. The dose of ND was also kept constant until all data was collected.

Assessments

There are few objective pain scales to quantify joint pain. The most commonly used is the visual analog scale, but this is overly simplistic as pain is multifaceted with a variety of descriptors and qualifiers in addition to a profound psychologic component (71). The Rheumatoid Arthritis Pain Scale (RAPS) is a validated questionnaire initially developed to assess and characterize pain levels in adults with rheumatoid arthritis. It consists of 24 statements about joint pain to which patients assign a value ranging from 0 (never) to 6 (always). The administrator totals these pain scores with higher scores signifying worse pain. The scores can then be divided into physiologic, affective, sensory-discriminative, and cognitive components (71). This scale was chosen as it offers a more comprehensive assessment into a patient’s personal experience of joint pain.

Each participant completed the RAPS before starting ND and 8 weeks after initiating ND. At initial RAPS administration, patient-specific characteristics were also recorded. This included the location of pain along with current pain medication usage and dosages.

Statistical analysis

As the data were normally distributed, the difference between pre-ND and post-ND RAPS scores was analyzed via paired t-tests. Data were considered statistically significant when P<0.05.

Results

Forty-eight eligible patients completed the initial survey, and 18 men (37.5%) responded to follow-up requests. The median duration of therapy was 62 [interquartile range (IQR), 48–73] days, and the median dose of ND was 110 (IQR, 100–150) mg. Participants’ mean age was 46 [standard deviation (SD), 11] years old with a racial makeup consisting of 15 Caucasian, 2 Hispanic, and 1 African American.

Of the 18 men who responded to their follow-up request, 13 (72.2%) reported marked improvements in joint pain, with 5 (27.8%) reporting a decreased need for longstanding pain medication. Amongst responding patients, pain scores were reduced on average by 52%. Even when accounting for treatment non-responders, the collective improvement in pain scores observed across each of the 4 sub-categories of the RAPS was both statistically significant and profound (Figure 2). No adverse events were noted.

Figure 2 Mean RAPS scores before and after ND treatment. *, P<0.05. RAPS, Rheumatoid Arthritis Pain Scale; ND, nandrolone decanoate; SD, standard deviation.

Discussion

Although limited by small follow-up sample size, nandrolone appears to exert a marked effect on joint pain as measured by the RAPS. Responding patients reported that their discomfort was reduced on average by more than half. Notably, many patients also reported a decreased reliance on chronic pain medication, which included longstanding narcotic prescriptions from other providers. Reducing narcotic utilization is paramount in today’s opioid crisis climate. Further studies are required to characterize ND’s effects across a larger study population better and understand its efficacy.

Conclusions

For decades, testosterone has been the sole instrument in the andrologist’s arsenal for the ongoing treatment and management of male hypogonadism. However, with increased interest and emerging research, there now exist more options than ever to help combat the sequelae of this devastating clinical condition. Nandrolone is a particularly compelling medication that has significant beneficial effects on joint pain in hypogonadal men, reducing their reliance on chronic pain medication and reducing pain scores in responding men by more than half. Although further studies are required to replicate and characterize these findings on a larger scale, they suggest a novel indication for a fascinating drug that appears to hold great promise for future clinical use. It is increasingly apparent that the field of modern andrology is evolving rapidly with ever-expanding options to assist our patients in novel and exciting ways.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Empower Pharmacy, based in Houston, TX, USA, for provision of the nandrolone decanoate used in this study.

Funding: None.

Footnote

Provenance and Peer Review: This article was commissioned by the Guest Editors (Larry I. Lipshultz, Alexander W. Pastuszak) for the focused issue “Contemporary Issues and Controversies in Men’s Health” published in Translational Andrology and Urology. The article was sent for external peer review organized by the Guest Editors and the editorial office.

Conflicts of Interest: The focused issue “Contemporary Issues and Controversies in Men’s Health” was commissioned by the editorial office without any funding or sponsorship. LIL serves as an unpaid editorial board member of Translational Andrology and Urology from Nov 2019 to Oct 2021 and served as the unpaid Guest Editor of the focused issue. Dr. Kovac: Abbvie (Consultant). Dr. Lipshultz: American Medical Systems (Speaker); AbbVie (Consultant); Lipocine (Consultant); Aytu Bioscience (Consultant); Endo Pharmaceuticals (Speaker/Consultant). The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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