Combining clinical and MRI data to manage PI-RADS 3 lesions and reduce excessive biopsy

Introduction

Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) is currently accepted as the best imagological examination for prostate disease (1,2). Prostate mpMRI used in suspected prostate cancer (PCa) men can help improve the detection of clinically significant PCa (csPCa) and prevent unnecessary biopsies and treatments. To regulate and standardize MRI acquisition, image interpretation, and reporting of prostate MRI examinations, the European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) working group drafted the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) version 1 (V1) in 2012 (3) In 2015, a revised version (PI-RADS V2) based on this system was introduced (2). PI-RADS V2 use a 5-point scoring system to evaluate lesions presenting csPCa. The likelihood of the presentation of csPCa increases as the score increases. Although PI-RADS V2 does not provide specified clinical management recommendations, a consensus has been reached that PI-RADS 1 or 2 lesions are csPCa-negative such that biopsy can be avoided, while PI-RADS 4 or 5 lesions are csPCa-positive and should be biopsied (4-6). For PI-RADS 3 lesions, however, it is still under debate whether a biopsy should be performed. PI-RADS V2 defines a category 3 lesion as a lesion with equivocal presence of csPCa. In previous studies, the proportions of PI-RADS index 3 lesions in all scored groups have ranged from 20% to 35% (7,8), and the overall csPCa detection rates in PI-RADS 3 lesions have ranged from 2% to 23% (6,9,10). In addition, almost three quarters of PCa lesions are located in the peripheral zone (PZ) of the prostate, suggesting that the csPCa detection rate of PI-RADS 3 lesions in different prostatic zones may also be different (9,11). The qualitative diagnosis of PI-RADS 3 lesions is difficult, and how to avoid excessive biopsies while improving the csPCa detection rate has always been a clinical problem that needed to be solved (12).

The purpose of this study was to explore the csPCa detection rates in PI-RADS 3 lesions in different prostatic zones, and to explore the clinical decision-making value of clinical and MRI data, helping to reduce excessive biopsies in patients with these lesions.

We present the following article in accordance with the STROBE reporting checklist (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tau-19-755).

Methods

Study population

From March 2016 to October 2018, a total of 683 patients underwent a prostate MRI and subsequent biopsy at our center. The inclusion criteria for our study were as follows: (I) a prostate mpMRI examination and (II) transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided “10+X” systemic prostatic biopsy with or without a MR-TRUS targeted biopsy prior to a systemic biopsy. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (I) a PCa diagnosis and a history of therapy before MRI examination, (II) a 1.5-T MRI or other scanner-mediated prostate MRI examination and (III) incomplete mpMRI images or “10+X” systemic biopsy. Ultimately, a total of 629 cases were retrospectively analyzed.

MRI technique

All scans were performed using a 3-T MRI scanner (Ingenia; Philips Healthcare, Best, The Netherlands) with a 32-channel body phased array coil as the receiving coil. All of the mpMRI sequences were set in accordance with the PI-RADS V2 recommendations. All scans included sagittal T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), axial T2WI, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) (b values of 0, 100, 1,000 and 2,000 sec/mm²) and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI). The details of the imaging sequences, mainly including the sequence type, repetition time (TR), echo time (TE), field of view (FOV), matrix, slice thickness, slice gap, and number of signals averaged (NSA), are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1 The details of the imaging sequence
Full table

Biopsy

All patients underwent a TRUS “10+X” systematic prostate biopsy. This biopsy approach divided the prostate into three sections (the base, the middle and the apex) from top to bottom, and each part was divided into the left and right regions. The right and left regions of the basal and middle parts were divided into inner and outer regions, and the whole prostate gland was divided into 10 areas. Each area was biopsied with 1 needle, and “X” more needles were then used to biopsy the suspicious area. Some lesions underwent an MRI-targeted biopsy prior to a systematic biopsy. The histopathology of the prostate biopsies was reported by subspecialized uropathologists according to the 2014 International Society of Urologic Pathology guidelines (13). CsPCa was defined as a Gleason score ≥3+4, and PCa was defined as a Gleason score ≤3+3. We prioritized the pathology results of the target lesion if a lesion underwent an MRI-Targeted biopsy; if a lesion did not undergo an MRI-targeted biopsy, we used the pathology results of the above-mentioned subarea where the lesion was located. In our study, 24.8% of the lesions (30/121) underwent both targeted and systematic biopsies, while 75.2% (91/121) underwent only a systematic biopsy.

Image analysis and data collection

Two subprofessional genitourological radiologists (with 3 and 7 years of experience, respectively) performed blinded reviews of the 629 cases using the PI-RADS V2 criteria. For each case, the radiologists provided the PI-RADS V2 score of the index lesion until consensus was reached. Another radiologist (with 2 years of experience) collected the index lesion pathology according to the above-mentioned rules. For patients with PI-RADS 3 index lesions, the radiologist also collected the clinical characteristics, including the levels of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and its derivatives [including free PSA (fPSA), free/total PSA (f/tPSA), and PSA density (PSAD)]; MRI characteristics, including the prostate volume (PV), lesion maximum diameter, and lesion location [the PZ or transitional zone (TZ) and the base, middle or apex]. The PV was calculated as the width × length × height × 0.52 on T2-weighted images as recommended by the PI-RADS V2. The PSAD was equal to the PSA level divided by the PV.

Statistical analysis

First, descriptive statistics were used to analyze the clinical and MRI data. Then, a univariate logistic analysis and chi-square were performed to evaluate the difference between the csPCa group and the non-csPCa group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was then performed to identify the independent risk factors of csPCa. Only those factors with P<0.15 in the univariate logistic analysis were retained in the multivariate logistic analysis. A difference with P<0.05 was considered to be significant in the multivariate logistic analysis. Finally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the csPCa predictive value of each risk factor and of combinations of risk factors. The above-mentioned statistical analyses were performed with IBM SPSS Statistics, version 20.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Results

The detailed patient inclusion and exclusion follow charts are shown in Figure 1. A total of 629 patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of the 629 patients, 47.2% (n=297) were scored as PI-RADS 1 and 2, 20.0% (n=126) were scored as PI-RADS 3, 16.9% (n=106) were scored as PI-RADS 4, and 15.9% (n=100) were scored as PI-RADS 5; the csPCa detection rates were 1.7%, 11.1%, 44.3% and 82.0%, respectively (Figure 2).

Figure 1 The detailed patient inclusion and exclusion follow charts. MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PCa, prostate cancer; mpMRI, multiparametric MRI; PI-RADS, Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System; PZ, peripheral zone; TZ, transitional zone.

Figure 2 Pathology results of different PI-RADS V2 score group. PI-RADS V2, Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2; PCa, prostate cancer.

Of the 126 patients with PI-RADS 3 index lesions, 5 patients did not undergo a follow-up assessment due to incomplete clinical observation indexes. Ultimately, 121 patients with 121 PI-RADS 3 index lesions were enrolled for further statistical analyses. Of the lesions, 11.6% (14/121) were csPCa, 14.0% (17/121) were low-risk PCa and 74.4% (90/121) were benign. In addition, 44.6% of the lesions (54/121) were located in the PZ, while 55.4% (67/121) were located in the TZ.

PZ

Of the 54 PI-RADS 3 PZ lesions, 18.5% (10/54) were low-risk PCa, while 18.5% (10/54) were csPCa (including 5 with Gleason scores of 3+4, 2 with Gleason scores of 4+3 and 3 with Gleason scores of 4+4). The univariate analysis results showed that PSAD (P=0.012), age (P=0.013), PSA (P=0.111), PV (P=0.122) and lesion diameter (P=0.134) were correlated with csPCa (P<0.15) (Table 2). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that a greater PSAD (P=0.024) and a greater age (P=0.026) were independent risk factors for predicting csPCa.

Table 2 Clinical and MRI data evaluated of peripheral lesions
Full table

In the ROC curve analysis, a PSAD ≥0.15 ng/mL² yielded a sensitivity of 80.0% and a specificity of 38.6% for predicting csPCa with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.728, and an age >68 years yielded a sensitivity of 80.0% and a specificity of 63.6% for predicting csPCa with an AUC of 0.766. The combination of PSAD and age yielded an AUC of 0.816, greater than the AUC of PSAD or age alone. If biopsy had been restricted to patients with a PSAD ≥0.15 ng/mL² and age >68 years, the csPCa diagnostic sensitivity and specificity would have been 70.0%, 75.2%, respectively, and biopsy would have been avoided in 66.7% of patients (36/54); however, 30% of csPCa cases (3/10) would have been missed. If biopsy had been restricted to patients with a PSAD ≥0.15 ng/mL² or an age >68 years, the csPCa diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, would have been 90.0% and 27.3%, respectively, and biopsy would have been avoided in 24.1% of patients (13/54); in addition, only 10% of csPCa cases (1/10) would have been missed (Table 3). Equivocal PZ lesions are shown in Figures 3,4.

Table 3 Diagnostic value of PSAD, age and the combination for PI-RADS 3 index lesions of PZ
Full table

Figure 3 Patient with prostatitis after targeted biopsy, 76 years old, PSAD, 0.10 ng/mL². The lesion is located in the right PZ of the apex part, and PI-RADS V2 score 3 was assigned (T2WI 3; DWI/ADC 3; DCE –). (A) Axial T2WI: rounded and moderate hypointensity, T2WI 3; (B) axial high-b-value DWI; (C) ADC map: focal moderately hyperintense on DWI and moderately hypointense on ADC, DWI/ADC 3; (D) axial early DCE-MRI: no focal early enhancement in corresponding parts, DCE –. Where the arrow points the lesion location. The white arrow indicates that there is no cancer in the lesion. PSAD, prostate-specific antigen density; PZ, peripheral zone; PI-RADS V2, Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2; T2WI, T2-weighted imaging; DWI, diffusion-weighted imaging; ADC, apparent diffusion coefficient; DCE, dynamic contrast-enhanced; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.

Figure 4 Patient with clinically significant PCa (Gleason score, 3+4), 80 years old, PSAD, 0.98 ng/mL². The lesion is located in the right PZ of the middle part, and PI-RADS V2 score 3 was assigned (T2WI 3; DWI/ADC 3; DCE –). (A) Axial T2WI: homogeneous signal intensity with obscured margins, T2WI 3; (B) axial high-b-value DWI; (C) ADC map: focal moderately hyperintense on DWI and mildly to moderately hypointense on ADC, DWI/ADC 3; (D) axial early DCE-MRI: no focal early enhancement in corresponding parts, DCE –. Where the arrow points the lesion location. The red arrow indicates that there is cancer in the lesion. PCa, prostate cancer; PSAD, prostate-specific antigen density; PZ, peripheral zone; PI-RADS V2, Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2; T2WI, T2-weighted imaging; DWI, diffusion-weighted imaging; ADC, apparent diffusion coefficient; DCE, dynamic contrast-enhanced; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.

TZ

Of the 67 PI-RADS 3 TZ lesions, 16.4% (11/67) were PCa, while only 6.0% (4/67) were csPCa (including 3 with Gleason scores of 4+3 and 1 with a Gleason score of 3+4), all of which were moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas. The csPCa group had a higher median PSA and PSAD and a lower f/tPSA than the non-csPCa group (45.07 vs. 10.03 ng/mL, 0.47 vs. 0.17 ng/mL², and 0.12 vs. 0.17, respectively). However, the csPCa group had a higher mean PV than the non-csPCa group (81.71 vs. 50.00 mL) (Table 4). Equivocal TZ lesions are shown in Figures 5,6.

Table 4 Comparison of clinical and MRI data of transitional lesions
Full table

Figure 5 Patient with benign prostatic tissues, 81 years old, PSAD, 0.17 ng/mL². The lesion is located in the left TZ of the middle part, and PI-RADS V2 score 3 was assigned (T2WI 3; DWI/ADC 3; DCE +). (A) Axial T2WI: heterogeneous signal intensity with obscured margins, T2WI 3; (B) axial high-b-value DWI; (C) ADC map: focal moderately hypointense on ADC and moderately hyperintense on DWI, DWI/ADC 3; (D) axial early DCE-MRI: focal early enhancement in corresponding parts, DCE +. Where the arrow points the lesion location. The white arrow indicates that there is no cancer in the lesion. PSAD, prostate-specific antigen density; TZ, transitional zone; PI-RADS V2, Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2; T2WI, T2-weighted imaging; DWI, diffusion-weighted imaging; ADC, apparent diffusion coefficient; DCE, dynamic contrast-enhanced; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.

Figure 6 Patient with clinically significant PCa (Gleason score, 4+3), 64 years old, PSAD, 0.13 ng/mL². The lesion is located in the right TZ of the middle part, and PI-RADS V2 score 3 was assigned (T2WI 3; DWI/ADC 3; DCE –). (A) Axial T2WI: heterogeneous signal intensity with obscured medial margins, T2WI 3; (B) axial high-b-value DWI; (C) ADC map: focal moderately hypointense on ADC and mildly hyperintense on DWI, DWI/ADC 3; (D) axial early DCE-MRI: no focal early enhancement in corresponding parts, DCE –. Where the arrow points the lesion location. The red arrow indicates that there is cancer in the lesion. PCa, prostate cancer; PSAD, prostate-specific antigen density; TZ, transitional zone; PI-RADS V2, Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2; T2WI, T2-weighted imaging; DWI, diffusion-weighted imaging; ADC, apparent diffusion coefficient; DCE, dynamic contrast-enhanced; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.

Discussion

In this study, we found that PI-RADS 3 lesions were more likely to present in the TZ (n=67) than in the PZ (n=54). The csPCa detection date, however, was significantly lower in the TZ (6.0%, 4/67) than in the PZ (18.5%, 10/54). For PI-RADS 3 PZ lesions, older age and a higher PSAD were independent risk factors for csPCa. For PI-RADS 3 TZ lesions, there was a low likelihood of csPCa, and high grade csPCa (Gleason ≥8) was rarely detected.

The csPCa detection rate of equivocal lesions has significant variability in the reported studies. For example, Liddell et al. reported a generally lower detection rate of PCa in PI-RADS 3 PZ and TZ lesions (3.9% and 12.1%, respectively) based on a modified PI-RADS scoring system (9). In contrast, Hansen et al. reviewed 143 PI-RADS V2 3 category lesions with targeted and systemic biopsies, and found that the proportions of PI-RADS 3 lesions in the PZ and TZ were 41% and 59%, respectively, both corresponding to csPCa detection rates of 21% (11). Recently, a meta-analysis by Schoots et al. reported an overall detection rate of csPCa of 17–20% based on 665 PI-RADS 3 lesions, which was higher than our results (6). Such huge variability may be related to the selection criteria of the study populations. In our study, only 30 lesions underwent both targeted and systemic biopsies, and the overall csPCa detection rate was 16.7% (5/30) in this group, which was approximate to the averages. Besides, our results showed that there was a higher detection rate of csPCa in the PI-RADS 3 PZ lesions (18.5%) than the TZ lesions (6.0%), which may again reflect the fact that PCa is common in the PZ.

Given that the lesions in different zones had significantly different csPCa detection rates, we performed analyses according to the lesion zone. For PI-RADS 3 PZ lesions, PSAD and age were independent risk factors for predicting csPCa, with AUC values of 0.728 and 0.766, respectively. The combination of PSAD and age yielded an AUC of 0.816 for predicting csPCa. If biopsy had been restricted to those with a PSAD ≥0.15 ng/mL² and an age >68 years, the csPCa detection rate would have improved to 38.9% with a sensitivity of 70.0%. If biopsy had been restricted to the patients with a PSAD ≥0.15 ng/mL² or an age >68 years, it could have yielded a sensitivity of 90.0%, a negative predictive value (NPV) of 92.3% and a csPCa detection rate of 22.0%, while allowing biopsies to be avoided in 24% of patients (13/54); only 10% of csPCa cases (1/10) would have been missed. Although the csPCa detection rate was not ideal, the latter biopsy criteria had sufficient sensitivity and maximally avoided csPCa missed.

Nowadays, PSAD and age have been widely validated as independent predictors of csPCa; however, data in men with PI-RADS 3 lesions are limited and controversial. For PSAD, Tan et al. in their enrolled group of 70 Southeast Asian men found that PSAD and prostate health index (PHI) were the best predictors of csPCa, with AUC values of 0.61 and 0.77, respectively, and a PSAD ≥0.10 ng/mL² would have detected all but one tumor, with a NPV of 93% and a sensitivity of 92% (14). Ullrich et al. found that only PV was a significantly different predictor (P=0.015), but PSAD had no statistical significance (P=0.31), although it was higher in patients with PCa than in those without. The author concluded that clinical risk factors such as PSA and PSAD must be considered in decision-making for PI-RADS 3 lesions (15). For age, Sheridan et al. calculated three risk factors of csPCa: age >70 years, PV <36 mL and positive DRE in their multivariate analysis, and PI-RADS 3 lesions associated with two or more risk factors were accurately predicted, with a sensitivity of 53% and a specificity 95% (16). However, those above-mentioned studies on PI-RADS 3 lesions did not analyze the lesions by zone. In our study, based on PI-RADS 3 PZ lesions, we observed that a clinical threshold of PSAD ≥0.15 ng/mL² and a calculated threshold of age >68 years were the best predictors of csPCa.

For PI-RADS 3 TZ lesions, only 4 csPCa cases were detected with a detection rate of 6.0%, including 3 cases with a Gleason score of 4+3 and 1 case with a Gleason of 3+4. Therefore, univariate and multivariate analyses were not performed for PI-RADS 3 TZ lesions because of the small sample of csPCa cases. However, the csPCa cases had a higher median PSA and PSAD and a lower median f/tPSA than the non-csPCa cases. Felker et al. analyzed 90 cases with 96 PI-RADS 3 lesions in the TZ, and observed that the combination of a PSAD of 0.15 ng/mL² or greater and an apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of less than 1,000 mm²/s could yield an AUC of 0.91 for csPCa (17). In our study, if biopsy had been restricted to patients with a PSAD ≥0.15 ng/mL², 44.8% (30/67) of patients would have avoided a biopsy but only 1 case of csPCa would have been missed. If biopsy had been restricted to patients with a PSA ≥10 ng/mL², 47.8% (32/67) of patients would have avoided a biopsy but only 1 case of csPCa would have been missed. Unlike other studies, the csPCa group in this study had a higher mean PV than the non-csPCa group (15,18), which may have been due to the low number of csPCa cases. We found that one of the csPCa cases had a PV of 135 mL because of obvious benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and pathologically confirmed acute inflammatory edema.

Our study has several limitations. First, this was a retrospective, single-center study, that had relatively few PI-RADS 3 lesions enrolled, especially csPCa lesions of the TZ, which may have resulted in sampling bias. Second, compared with other studies, our study included only a few lesions (24.8%, 30/121) that underwent both targeted and system biopsies, which may have increased the risk of an incorrect biopsy. Previous studies have concluded that targeted biopsies have a higher csPCa detection rate than standard biopsies (19,20), which also explains why our study had a slightly lower csPCa detection rate than that observed in meta-analyses (6). Third, our study included a small amount of clinical and MRI data, and we failed to find MRI data that could predict csPCa. However, these data are common and easily accessible, and our primary aim was to provide a simple and practical predictive model for clinical reference.

Conclusions

Our results have shown that the detection rate of csPCa for PI-RADS 3 PZ lesions (18.5%) is significantly higher than that for TZ lesions (6.0%). For PI-RADS 3 PZ lesions, risk stratification with the combination of PSAD and age may be useful for selecting whether or not to perform a biopsy. For PI-RADS 3 TZ lesions, given the low csPCa detection rate and the relatively minimal histological differences, we suggest that active surveillance may be the optimal choice for patients, especially patients without high risk factors, such as a PSA <10 ng/mL or PSAD <0.15 ng/mL². Larger-scale and multicenter trials are necessary to check the accuracy and replicability of our results. Further, incorporating these risk factors into future PI-RADS 3 scoring criteria may be useful for increasing the diagnostic confidence of equivocal lesions.

Acknowledgments

We thank AME Editing Service for editing this manuscript.

Funding: This study was supported by financial grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81801754).

Footnote

Reporting Checklist: The authors have completed the STROBE reporting checklist. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tau-19-755

Data Sharing Statement: Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tau-19-755

Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tau-19-755). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. This retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee of our hospital, which waived the requirement for written informed consent.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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