Bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy in the management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma in-situ: a systematic review

Upper urinary tract carcinoma in-situ (UUT-CIS) is an aggressive disease traditionally managed with radical nephroureterectomy (RNU), often resulting in loss of renal function. Topical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy has been explored as a kidney-sparing alternative, although evidence remains limited and heterogeneous. This review aimed to synthesise oncological and safety outcomes of topical BCG therapy for UUT-CIS.