Association between prognostic nutritional index (PNI)/Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score and prognosis in patients with bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Bladder cancer is a common urological malignancy. The immunonutritional status of patients, assessed by biomarkers like the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score, is linked to cancer prognosis. However, evidence on their prognostic value in bladder cancer is inconsistent for PNI and not systematically reviewed for CONUT. This study aimed to evaluate the association between PNI/CONUT and survival outcomes in bladder cancer through a systematic review and meta-analysis.